Bäckman , Olof Welfare States , Social Structure and the Dynamics of Poverty Rates

نویسنده

  • Olof Bäckman
چکیده

The purpose of this paper is twofold. The primary purpose is to try and explain both the temporal and the spatial variation of poverty rates in terms of unemployment insurance indicators and structural/sociodemographic factors. Secondly, the paper aims to test the ‘convergence hypothesis’ of the poverty rate, i.e. whether or not poverty rates in modern welfare states have converged in recent decades. The analyses tentatively suggest that structural change in terms of the unemployment rate, the proportion of single-earner households, the female labour-force participation rate, and the proportion of families with children primarily explains the temporal variation in poverty rates. The unemployment insurance factors primarily explain the spatial variation, i.e. variation between countries. In part, however, the temporal variation is explained by the cuts in net replacements in unemployment insurance. This factor alone explains a larger share of the overall variance than all the structural factors put together. Where the convergence hypothesis is concerned, a random-effects model is proposed as a statistical tool for testing convergence (and dispersion). The results of this analysis suggest that for the 16 countries and the time frame under review the convergence hypothesis must be rejected, an outcome that is in line with some other analyses presented recently. Sammanfattning Denna uppsats har två syften. Det primära syftet är att försöka förklara fattigdomsnivåernas tidsmässiga och rumsliga variation i 16 västländer mellan 1980 och 2000. Dedtta görs dels i termer av arbetslöshetsförsäkringens utformning, dels i termer av ett antal strukturella/ sociodemografiska faktorer. Det andra syftet är att testa ”konvergenshypotesen”, vilken stipulerar att fattigdomsnivåerna i utvecklade välfärdsstater tenderar att konvergera. Resultaten från analyserna implicerar att strukturella förändringar, så som ökade arbetslöshetsnivåer, minskad andel en-försörjarhushåll, ökad kvinnlig förvärvsfrekvens och ökad andel barnfamiljer framför allt förklarar variationen över tid. Indikatorer på arbetslöshetsförsäkringens utformning förklarar framför allt variation i den rumsliga dimensionen, dvs. variationen mellan länder. Den nedåtgående trend som kan observeras när det gäller ersättningsnivåerna i arbetslöshetsförsäkringen i de olika länderna förklarar emellertid även en del av variationen över tid. Denna faktor förklarar ensam mer av den totala variationen än alla de strukturella/sociodemografiska faktorerna tillsammans. Som statistiskt verktyg för att testa konvergenshypotesen föreslås en random-effects modell. Resultatet från analysen tyder på att hypotesen måste förkastas, åtminstone för de länder och den tidsperiod som står i fokus för studien. Detta resultat är i linje med några andra nyligen publicerade analyser. * This paper has benefited from comments made by Lars Brännström, Tommy Ferrarini, Johan Fritzell, Thomas Lindh, Kenneth Nelson, Joakim Palme, Ola Sjöberg and participants at the SCIP-meeting at the Danish National Institute of Social Research, Copenhagen in February, 2005.

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تاریخ انتشار 2005